The MMPI-2 contains the same clinical scales and validity indicators as the original instrument.
Extensive validation research has documented the MMPI-2 as an effective replacement for the original MMPI for assessing adults. In 1989, the restandardization project culminated in the publication of the MMPI-2. population in the late twentieth century. The restandardization project was initiated because (a) many of the 40-year-old MMPI items were out-of-date, and some were objectionable in content and (b) the original normative sample of White, rural Minnesotans was not regarded as representative of the U.S. In 1982, a committee was formed to modify the original test booklet and develop new norms for the MMPI. Over time, the MMPI became the most widely used personality instrument in the United States, and the MMPI-2 holds that same designation today. However, the research produced a collection of empirical correlates of high and low scores on the clinical scales and corresponding classification rules for describing behavior and personality traits. The research showed that the instrument was not reliable for differentially diagnosing discrete psychiatric groups, as it was originally intended to do. In the years following the publication of the MMPI, it was subjected to extensive and rigorous scientific study. Evaluating the validity of respondents’ profiles is critical for understanding their degree of cooperation with the assessment process and their possible attempts to distort responses, such as by minimizing problems or exaggerating symptoms. The K scale was later used to weight scores on Scales 1,4, 7, 8, and 9, which were thought to be most susceptible to underestimation in the context of a defensive test-taking approach. In addition, four scales were created to evaluate the validity of the test taker’s report: Cannot Say (?), to track the number of items that were omitted or to which both true and false were answered Lie (L), to detect unsophisticated attempts to portray oneself overly favorably Infrequency (F), to reflect item responses that deviated from typical ones and Correction (K), to measure clinical defensiveness. Two more scales were later developed from the items, at the time being intended to measure “male sexual inversion” or homosexuality (Masculinity-Femininity, Scale 5) and social introversion-extroversion (Social Introversion, Scale 0). Initially, the inventory included eight clinical scales, which measured psychoneurotic concern with bodily health (Hypochondriasis, now known as Scale 1) symptomatic depression (Depression, Scale 2) conversion hysteria (Hysteria, Scale 3) antisocial tendencies and psychopathic behavior (Psychopathic Deviate, Scale 4) suspiciousness and mistrust (Paranoia, Scale 6) anxiety with obsessive and compulsive features (Psychasthenia, Scale 7) symptoms of the four recognized subtypes of schizophrenia (Schizophrenia, Scale 8) and the tendency to act in euphoric and hyperactive ways (Hypomania, Scale 9). This method of test construction, known as empirical keying, reduced the subjectivity of the interpretation of the test results.
The original items were selected for the inventory because they discriminated statistically between psychiatric patients and individuals without identified psychiatric problems. Charnley McKinley to aid in the diagnostic screening of clinic patients. It had been developed at the University of Minnesota by psychologist Starke Hathaway and psychiatrist J. The original version of the instrument, the MMPI, was published in 1943. Nonetheless, MMPI-2 results should be interpreted only by individuals who are thoroughly trained in test theory, personality, psychopathology, and psychodiagnosis. Computer-based interpretations of the results are available as well. It can be scored by hand, optical scanner, or computer processing. Under standard conditions, the MMPI-2 requires approximately 60 to 90 minutes to complete.
It is intended for individuals age 18 or older an adolescent form (the MMPI-A) is available for individuals between the age of 14 and 18. Audiocassette versions are available for individuals with reading difficulties, vision problems, or physical disabilities that affect their abilities to manipulate the test materials. It requires roughly a sixth-grade reading level.
It can be administered individually or in a group format, via booklet or on a computer. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is a 567-item, true-or-false measure of personality and psychological symptoms.
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